MAIN PROJECTS
The i4i Mental Health Challenge Award: Immersive virtual reality to transform the lives of patients with psychosis
NHS NIHR Research Professorship: Overcoming Persecutory Delusions
Oxford Virtual Reality (VR) for Mental Health
The Feeling Safe Study
Immersive Virtual Reality Cognitive Treatment (VRCT) for persecutory delusions
Daniel Freeman
PhD DClinPsy CPsychol FBPsS FBA
Professor of Clinical Psychology
- Lead, Oxford Cognitive Approaches to Psychosis (O-CAP)
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Senior Investigator
- Consultant Clinical Psychologist, Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust
- Psychological therapies theme co-lead, NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre
- Founder of Oxford VR
- Fellow, University College Oxford
- Fellow, British Psychological Society
- Fellow, British Academy
Follow Daniel Freeman on Twitter
Research Group: Oxford Cognitive Approaches to Psychosis (O-CAP)
BBC Radio 4 Series: A History of Delusions
* Please note that from April 2023 I have moved to the Department of Experimental Psychology
Email address: daniel.freeman@psy.ox.ac.uk
The purpose of my work is to make significant advances in the understanding and treatment of mental health disorders, particularly the problem of paranoia. Drawing on a variety of approaches, including epidemiological studies, psychological experiments, clinical trials, and a ground-breaking virtual reality laboratory, I use the theoretical knowledge to develop carefully tested psychological treatments that will truly make a difference.
At the moment several randomised controlled treatment trials are in progress. This includes a test of a new targeted, personalised psychological treatment for persecutory delusions, called the Feeling Safe Programme. This is a translational treatment built upon advances by my research group in the theoretical understanding of paranoia. The target is a recovery rate of 50% for persecutory delusions that have not responded to previous treatment. There are also a number of studies running that will lead to a greater understanding of the causes of psychotic experiences. The research is supported by the National Institute of Health and Care Research (NIHR), UK Medical Research Council (MRC), and the Wellcome Trust.
I pioneered the use of virtual reality (VR) to assess, understand, and treat paranoia. Subsequently I have led work designing and testing new automated VR psychological therapies for mental health disorders. The aim is to produce VR therapies that produce greater clinical effects than face-to-face therapies. I founded and am a non-executive board member of Oxford VR, a spinout company from the University. Oxford VR built on my research into the use of virtual reality to understand and treat psychological disorders. I founded the company in 2016 with Jason Freeman, Mel Slater, Bernhard Spanlang, and Mavi Sánchez-Vives.
I’m also committed to making knowledge of the best psychological research and treatments for mental health problems available to the general public. Therefore I’ve written a number of popular science books on mental health issues. The latest to appear is The Stressed Sex: Uncovering the Truth about Men, Women, and Mental Health, which sets out to answer a simple, but crucial, question: are rates of psychological disorder different for men and women? This important issue has been largely ignored in all the debates raging about gender differences.
I studied natural sciences at the University of Cambridge, completed a PhD and a doctorate in clinical psychology (DClinPsy) at the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, then held a Wellcome Trust Fellowship and a Medical Research Council Senior Clinical Fellowship. In 2011 I moved to the University of Oxford and set up the Oxford Cognitive Approaches to Psychosis (O-CAP) research group. From 2015-2020 I was an NIHR Research Professor. I am the recipient of the 2020 British Psychological Society Presidents' Award for Distinguished Contributions to Psychological Knowledge.
Recent open access papers
COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the UK
Injection fears and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy
Sleep disturbance and psychiatric disorders
Automated virtual reality cognitive therapy for patients with psychosis
Automated psychological therapy using virtual reality (VR) for patients with persecutory delusions
Coronavirus conspiracy beliefs, mistrust, and compliance with government guidelines in England
Automated psychological therapy using immersive VR for treatment of fear of heights
Virtual reality in the assessment, understanding, and treatment of mental health disorders
Treatable clinical intervention targets for patients with schizophrenia
The weeks before 100 persecutory delusions
The effects of improving sleep on mental health (OASIS)
Persecutory delusions: a cognitive perspective on understanding and treatment [pdf]
Suicidal ideation and behaviour in patients with persecutory delusions
The Dunn Worry Questionnaire and the Paranoia Worries Questionnaire: new assessments of worry
The revised Green et al., Paranoid Thoughts Scale (R-GPTS)
Virtual reality in the treatment of persecutory delusions
The concomitants of conspiracy concerns
Effects of cognitive behaviour therapy for worry on persecutory delusions (WIT)
Targeting recovery in persistent persecutory delusions
Advances in understanding and treating persecutory delusions
Height, social comparison, and paranoia: an immersive virtual reality experimental study
Recent publications
Patient expectations for outcome with psychological intervention for psychosis
Journal article
FREEMAN D. et al, (2026), Schizophrenia Research
Helping Patients with Persecutory Delusions Find Safety
Journal article
FREEMAN D., (2026), Schizophrenia Bulletin
Triggering anger using a virtual reality social scene.
Journal article
Lambe S. et al, (2026), Sci Rep
From innovation to implementation: Artificial intelligence in cognitive behaviour therapy training and supervision.
Journal article
Shafran R. et al, (2026), Behav Res Ther, 197
Learning How to Improve the Treatment of Persecutory Delusions: Using a Principal Trajectories Analysis to Examine Differential Effects of Two Psychological Interventions (Feeling Safe, Befriending) in Distinct Groups of Patients.
Journal article
Jenner L. et al, (2026), Schizophr Bull, 52
The social media scale for depression in adolescence.
Journal article
Twivy E. et al, (2025), Int J Adolesc Youth, 30
Supporting Patients with Psychosis in the Community To Stand Up and Move More: Perspectives of Community Mental Health Staff.
Journal article
Diamond R. et al, (2025), Community Ment Health J
n Automated Virtual Reality Cognitive-Behavioural Preventive Intervention for Adults with Agoraphobic Symptoms: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Adapted gameChange in Hong Kong.
Journal article
Chan ATY. et al, (2025), Psychother Psychosom, 1 - 13
psychometric evaluation of the German Revised-Green et al. Paranoid Thoughts Scale (R-GPTS) in clinical and non-clinical groups.
Journal article
Rek S. et al, (2025), BMC Psychiatry, 25
Increasing physical activity and reducing sedentary behaviour in patients diagnosed with non-affective psychosis: a cross-sectional UK study identifying cognitions to target in treatment
Journal article
DIAMOND R. et al, (2025), EClinicalMedicine
COMPUTERISED ADAPTIVE TESTING ACROSS THE PARANOIA CONTINUUM
Journal article
FREEMAN D. et al, (2025), BMJ Mental Health
RE PEOPLE NOTICING EXCESSIVE MISTRUST IN OTHERS AND HOW DO THEY UNDERSTAND IT? A SURVEY OF A UK REPRESENTATIVE ADULT POPULATION
Journal article
Slaoui G. et al, (2025), Psychological Medicine
The Oxford Paranoia Defence Behaviours Questionnaire (O-PDQ): assessing paranoia-related safety-seeking behaviours.
Journal article
Lambe S. et al, (2025), Behav Cogn Psychother, 53, 224 - 237
Real-world waitlist randomised controlled trial of gameChange VR to treat severe agoraphobic avoidance in patients with psychosis: a study protocol.
Journal article
Freeman D. et al, (2025), BMJ Open, 15
Sleep disruption and its psychological treatment in young people at risk of psychosis: A peer methods qualitative evaluation.
Journal article
Waite F. et al, (2025), Br J Clin Psychol
6-month supported online program for the treatment of persecutory delusions: Feeling Safer.
Journal article
Freeman D. et al, (2025), Psychol Med, 55
Prior Expectations of Volatility Following Psychotherapy for Delusions: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
Journal article
Sheffield JM. et al, (2025), JAMA Netw Open, 8
Developing a qualitative and quantitative ambulatory assessment-based feedback system within cognitive behavioural interventions for people with persecutory beliefs.
Journal article
Bringmann LF. et al, (2025), Internet Interv, 40
Research assistants' experiences recruiting patients with psychosis into clinical trials: a qualitative study.
Journal article
Beckley A. et al, (2025), Trials, 26
Efficacy of a six-month supported online programme (Feeling Safer) for the treatment of persecutory delusions: protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Journal article
FREEMAN D. et al, (2025), BMJ Open
six-month supported online programme for the treatment of persecutory delusions: Feeling Safer
Journal article
FREEMAN D. et al, (2025), Psychological Medicine
Paranoia and unusual sensory experiences in Parkinson's disease.
Journal article
Brown P. et al, (2025), Aging Ment Health, 29, 935 - 950
Physiological Responses to Affective Virtual Coach Design in a VR Fear of Heights Consultation
Conference paper
Wei S. et al, (2025), Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings
counter-weight model for understanding and treating persecutory delusions
Journal article
FREEMAN D. et al, (2025), Psychological Medicine
Sleep and Circadian Difficulties in Schizophrenia: Presentations, Understanding, and Treatment
Journal article
FREEMAN D. and WAITE F., (2025), Psychological Medicine
Virtual Humans in Virtual Reality Mental Health Research: Systematic Review.
Journal article
Wei S. et al, (2025), JMIR XR Spat Comput, 2
How do people recover from persecutory delusions? An interpretative phenomenological analysis
Journal article
Sher DA. et al, (2025), Psychosis
Frames and phase retrieval for vector bundles
Conference paper
Favazza K. et al, (2025), 2025 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SAMPLING THEORY AND APPLICATIONS, SAMPTA
Mdivi-1 Inhibits Late Phase NF-kB Activation in Pro-inflammatory Microglia in Association with Suppressed Mitochondria Donut Formation
Conference paper
Polster B. et al, (2025), ANESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA, 140, 570 - 570
Potential research priorities for understanding and treating severe paranoia (persecutory delusions): a priority setting partnership between patients, carers, mental health staff, and researchers.
Journal article
Sher D. et al, (2024), BMJ Mental Health
Supporting movement and physical activity in people with psychosis: A qualitative exploration of the carer perspective.
Journal article
Diamond R. et al, (2024), Int J Soc Psychiatry, 70, 1525 - 1532
Theory driven psychological therapy for persecutory delusions: trajectories of patient outcomes.
Journal article
Jenner L. et al, (2024), Psychol Med, 54, 1 - 9
Exploring stigma, shame, and safety behaviours in social anxiety and paranoia amongst people diagnosed with schizophrenia.
Journal article
Aunjitsakul W. et al, (2024), Behav Cogn Psychother, 52, 581 - 595
andomized controlled experiment testing the use of virtual reality to trigger cigarette craving in people who smoke.
Journal article
Rovira A. et al, (2024), Sci Rep, 14
Developing an Automated Virtual Reality Therapy for Improving Positive Self-Beliefs and Psychological Well-Being (Phoenix VR Self-Confidence Therapy): Tutorial.
Journal article
Rosebrock L. et al, (2024), JMIR Serious Games, 12
andomised controlled test in virtual reality of the effects on paranoid thoughts of virtual humans' facial animation and expression.
Journal article
Wei S. et al, (2024), Sci Rep, 14
Study protocol for an adaptive, multi-arm, multi-stage (MAMS) randomised controlled trial of brief remotely delivered psychosocial interventions for people with serious mental health problems who have experienced a recent suicidal crisis: Remote Approaches to Psychosocial Intervention Delivery (RAPID).
Journal article
Pyle M. et al, (2024), Trials, 25
Myeloid Cell Association with Spinal Cord Injury-Induced Neuropathic Pain and Depressive-like Behaviors in LysM-eGFP Mice.
Journal article
Richards JH. et al, (2024), J Pain, 25
Disentangling the Consequences of Systemic Racism and Clinical Paranoia to Promote Effectiveness of a Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention for Persecutory Delusions in Minoritized Individuals: A Case-Example
Journal article
Moussa-Tooks AB. et al, (2024), Clinical Case Studies, 23, 106 - 126
amework for understanding movement and physical activity in patients diagnosed with psychosis
Journal article
DIAMOND R., (2024), BMJ Mental Health
[Recent developments in the modeling and psychological management of persecutory ideation].
Journal article
Raffard S. et al, (2024), Encephale, 50, 99 - 107
Understanding and treating persecutory delusions
Journal article
FREEMAN D., (2024), Schizophrenia Bulletin
Developing Psychological Treatments for Psychosis
Journal article
FREEMAN D., (2024), British Journal of Psychiatry
Daydreaming and grandiose delusions: development of the Qualities of Daydreaming Scale.
Journal article
Isham L., (2024), Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy
Visual Attention and Virtual Human Facial Animations in Virtual Reality (VR): An Eye-Tracking Study
Conference paper
Wei S. et al, (2024), Proceedings 2024 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops Vrw 2024, 891 - 892
Children, deafness, and deaf cultures in popular media
Journal article
Freeman D. et al, (2024), CHILDREN & SOCIETY, 38, 1874 - 1875
mated virtual reality cognitive therapy versus virtual reality mental relaxation therapy for the treatment of persistent persecutory delusions in patients with psychosis (THRIVE): a parallel-group, single-blind, randomised controlled trial in England with mediation analyses.
Journal article
Freeman D. et al, (2023), Lancet Psychiatry, 10, 836 - 847
Explaining paranoia: cognitive and social processes in the occurrence of extreme mistrust.
Journal article
Freeman D. and Loe BS., (2023), BMJ Ment Health, 26
mated VR therapy for improving positive self-beliefs and psychological wellbeing in young patients with psychosis: a proof of concept evaluation of Phoenix VR self-confidence therapy
Journal article
FREEMAN D., (2023), Behavioual and Cognitive Psychotherapy
Does treating insomnia with digital cognitive behavioural therapy (Sleepio) mediate improvements in anxiety for those with insomnia and comorbid anxiety? An analysis using individual participant data from two large randomised controlled trials.
Journal article
Henry AL. et al, (2023), J Affect Disord, 339, 58 - 63
Testing the combination of Feeling Safe and peer counselling against formulation-based cognitive behaviour therapy to promote psychological wellbeing in people with persecutory delusions: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (the Feeling Safe-NL Trial).
Journal article
Tolmeijer E. et al, (2023), Trials, 24
psychological framework to understand interpersonal violence by forensic patients with psychosis.
Journal article
LAMBE S. et al, (2023), British Journal of Psychiatry
Measuring dissociation across adolescence and adulthood: Developing the short-form Černis Felt Sense of Anomaly scale (ČEFSA-14)
Journal article
Cernis E. et al, (2023), Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy
Testing the combination of Feeling Safe and Peer Counselling against Formulation-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy to promote Psychological Wellbeing in People with Persecutory Delusions: Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial (the Feeling Safe-NL Trial).
Preprint
Tolmeijer E. et al, (2023)
The Difficulties of Grandiose Delusions: Harms, Challenges, and Implications for Treatment Engagement.
Journal article
Isham L. et al, (2023), Schizophr Bull, 49, 1194 - 1204
Psychotic experiences and negative symptoms from adolescence to emerging adulthood: developmental trajectories and associations with polygenic scores and childhood characteristics.
Journal article
Havers L. et al, (2023), Psychol Med, 53, 5685 - 5697

